{"id":96,"date":"2008-07-13T23:17:37","date_gmt":"2008-07-13T23:17:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tameraktas.com\/wptest\/wordpress\/2008\/07\/11\/murrayin-odrenilmith-gereksinimler-kuramy-manifest-needs\/"},"modified":"2023-04-01T12:24:47","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:24:47","slug":"murrayin-ogrenilmis-gereksinimler-kurami-manifest-needs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-motivasyon.net\/en\/murrayin-ogrenilmis-gereksinimler-kurami-manifest-needs.html","title":{"rendered":"Murray's Learned Needs Theory (Manifest Needs)"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Murray's Learned Needs Theory (Manifest Needs)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Murray (1938) has proposed a set of needs (motives) that he believes greatly control human behavior. According to him, needs arise from physiological deficiencies, but they symbolize quite stable personality traits (Can, 1985; 32).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Murray called his approach "personology" and identified the basic needs of personality. Murray, who is not very interested in the needs arising from the internal organs such as food and water, focused on the needs of psychological origin (Burger, 2006; 246). Murray (1938) defined a psychological need as a state of readiness to react in a certain way in a given situation. (Burger, 2006; 246).<\/strong><\/span>
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According to Murray, requirements are not phenomena that can be observed by the researcher. Requirements are hypothetical-theoretical constructs established by the researcher to explain human behavior, which can only be deduced from observable behaviors. Requirements, on the other hand, can best be derived from some dreams, fairy tales. In addition, needs are not internal tendencies but learned behaviors (Onaran, 1981; 202).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Murray\u2019e g\u00f6re gereksinimler hiyerar\u015fisi genel ge\u00e7er de\u011fil ki\u015fiseldir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir gereksinim duyuyorsan\u0131z, sizin Yak\u0131n \u0130li\u015fki gereksinimiz vard\u0131r. Bu gereksinim, di\u011fer insanlar\u0131n Yak\u0131n \u0130li\u015fki gereksinimiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok olmayabilir; ancak sizin di\u011fer gereksinimlerinize g\u00f6re daha bask\u0131n ise sizin i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir gereksinimdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin yar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir s\u0131nav\u0131n\u0131z var ve arkada\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z bir parti veriyor. E\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131 gereksiniminiz, ki\u015fisel gereksinim hiyerar\u015finizde Yak\u0131n \u0130li\u015fki ya da Oyun gereksiniminizden y\u00fcksekse, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla evde kal\u0131p ders \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rs\u0131n\u0131z. E\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131 gereksiniminiz y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu bahsedilen gereksinimler kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc de\u011filse, s\u0131navdan y\u00fcksek bir not alamazs\u0131n\u0131z (Burger, 2006; 246).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Murray (1955) stated that these secondary or psychological needs, presumably derived from dependent and primary needs, symbolize common response systems and desires, but they should not be considered basic, biological drives, although some may be hereditary.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The first five motives concern the main actions related to inanimate objects (Murray, 1955: 63):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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  1. Acquisition need (n Acquisition): Wealth, possession of property. Don't grab, grab, steal things. Don't bargain, don't gamble. Working for money or real estate.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. Need for protection (n Conservance): Behaviors that include collecting, repairing, cleaning, and protecting against damage<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  3. Order requirement (nOrder): Organizing, arranging, eliminating objects. Being tidy and clean. Don't be totally meticulous.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  4. Retention need (n Retention): To retain, to keep, to refuse to lend, to hoard. Being frugal, economical and stingy.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
  5. Building requirement (n Construction): Arrange and build.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n
    Murray classified the movements that express the passion for achievement, the desire for power, the desire for prestige as the following motives (Murray, 1955; 63-64):<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n

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    6. Need for superiority (n Superiority): The superiority motive is divided into two motives as achievement motive (n Achievement) and recognition-approval motive (n Recognition).<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
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    • 6.1. Achievement requirement (n Ahievement): Overcoming obstacles, using strength, trying to do some difficult things as quickly and well as possible.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
    • 6.2. Recognition need (n Recognition): To evoke praise and appreciation, to demand respect. It involves bragging and displaying one's achievements. It includes the desire for superiority, social prestige, honor and high position.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Murray also stated in his study that the motivation to show-exhibit can be evaluated together with the motivation to be recognized. The motivation to show (n Exhibition); It involves showing an interest in the person's personality, and is described with behaviors such as provoking, making others laugh, exciting, surprising and frightening. It is to dramatize oneself with it.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      The next needs are desires and actions that complement \u201cAchievement\u201d and \u201cRecognition\u201d and include maintaining one's status or avoiding humiliation (Murray, 1955: 64):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

      7. The need not to be touched (n Inviolate): This motive includes desires and attempts to prevent the loss of one's self-esteem. It refers to protecting one's 'good reputation', being exempt from criticism, and maintaining psychological 'distance'. This is based on arrogance and personal sensitivity. This motive is thought of in the motive of seclusion (isolation, silence, self-concealment). Murray used this motive in his work as the opposite of "Exhibition motive" (n Exhibition). The motive not to be touched is divided into three motives (Murray, 1955; 64):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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      • 7.1. The need to avoid (n Infavoidance); It is one's avoidance of error, embarrassment, humiliation, and ridicule. It is the refrain from attempting to do certain things that are beyond one's power.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • 7.2. Defense requirement (n Defense); Defending oneself against accusations or belittlement. Justifying his actions manifests itself in extenuating circumstances, explanations, and excuses.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n
      • 7.3. Misilleme gereksinimi (n Counteraction); Ki\u015finin k\u0131s\u0131tlamalarla ve misillemeler yaparak, gururla bozgunun \u00fcstesinden gelmesidir. En zor i\u015fleri se\u00e7mesi ve ki\u015finin onurunu belirli bir eylem i\u00e7inde savunmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        The next five motives are related to the individual's use of power, resistance to power, and surrender to power (Murray, 1955; 64-65):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        8. Need for dominance (n Dominance): It is one's ability to influence or control others. To persuade, to forbid, to command. To lead and manage. Limit. Organizing the behavior of a group.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        9. Obedience requirement (n Deference): It involves following, following, and appreciating a superior person with consent.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        10. Need for similarity (n Similance): It is the need for empathy, imitation or imitation of someone. The person identifies with others, consents, and believes in them.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        11. The need for independence (n Autonomy): It is a person's resistance to influence or coercion. Defying an authority or seeking freedom in a new place and striving for independence.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        12. The need to be different (n Contrarience): It is the desire to act differently from others and to be unique. It is taking the opposite side and adopting unconventional views.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        Murray (1955) notes that the next two motives are similar to the well-known sado-masochistic split;<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        13. Aggression need (n Aggression): A desire to attack or injure someone close Desire to kill, humiliate, harm, blame, accuse or maliciously ridicule, severely punish a person. Sadism.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        14. The need to humiliate oneself (n Abasement): It is one's submission, obedience and acceptance of punishment. To apologize, to confess, to make amends. To lower your own value. masochism.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        The next motive is evaluated in a separate position. Because it includes a subjectively separable form of behavior. That is, shyness-shyness. (Murray, 1955; 65):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        15. Shyness need (n Blamavoidance): It is the person's avoidance of behaviors such as blaming, excluding or punishing others, by restraining oneself from asocial or unconventional reactions. It is a demonstration of a willingness to be polite and obey the rules.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        The next four motives are what people do out of love-kindness; their motives for seeking, changing, letting go or hiding love (Murray, 1955; 65):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        16. Need for affiliation (n affliation): It is the person's shaping of friendships and relationships. It includes greeting others, joining them, and living with them. Collaborating and engaging in social conversations with others. Like, join groups, etc. show behaviors.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        17. Reddetme gereksinimi (n Rejection): Bir kimseyi hi\u00e7e saymak, g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmek ya da d\u0131\u015flamakt\u0131r. Uzak durmak, umursamamak, ayr\u0131mc\u0131 olmak vb.<\/strong><\/span>
        \n18. Yeti\u015ftirme gereksinimi (n Nurturance): Yard\u0131ma muhta\u00e7 bir ki\u015fiye bakmak, ona yard\u0131m etmek, korumak ve anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermektir. Bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u201cannelik\u201d yapmak vb.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        19. Need for help request (n Succorance): It is the person's desire for help, protection and understanding. Needing help and compassion. It is a person's attachment to a compassion and family that takes care of him. It is to be dependent.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        Murray (1955) stated in his study that he was hesitant to add the following three motives. The last two motives are complementary motives that occur with great frequency in social life, reflecting the need to ask and tell:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        20. The need for play (n Play): It is the person's relaxation, entertainment, distraction and pursuit of entertainment. Having a good time, playing games, laughing, joking and being pleasant, etc. Behaviors that involve avoidance of serious tension.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        21. Comprehension need (n Cognizance); It is one's exploration (by wandering or touching), asking questions, pleasing to wonder, looking, listening, checking, reading, seeking information.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        22. Explanation requirement (n Exposition): It is the person to point and show. It is to tell the truth, to give information, to explain, to interpret, to give lessons.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        Murray believes that each requirement has two elements: Direction and Intensity. Direction; It refers to the person or object whose motivation is expected to be satisfied. In case of hunger, a local kiosk is needed, which tells the direction of the urge. Intensity; represents the importance of the motive (Moorhead and Griffin, 1989; 114).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        Whether a need is activated or not depends on the situation, Murray calls this 'pressure'. For example, your need for Order will not affect your behavior when there is no pressure like a messy room. If your need for organization is strong, you'll likely find time to tidy up, even if your room is a little cluttered. However, if your need for Layout is low, you can wait until your room becomes unbearable. Even in this case, you may be motivated by the need to please your roommate rather than seeing your room properly (Burger, 2006; 246).<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        Tayfun Topalo\u011flu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

        All Posts by the Author<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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        References <\/a><\/div>\n

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        Introduction to Motivation Theory<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n