{"id":57,"date":"2008-07-13T23:16:01","date_gmt":"2008-07-13T23:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tameraktas.com\/wptest\/wordpress\/2008\/05\/24\/maslowun-gereksinimler-hiyerarthisi-kuramy-hierarchy-of-needs\/"},"modified":"2023-04-01T12:49:43","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T12:49:43","slug":"maslowun-gereksinimler-hiyerarsisi-kurami-hierarchy-of-needs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-motivasyon.net\/en\/maslowun-gereksinimler-hiyerarsisi-kurami-hierarchy-of-needs.html","title":{"rendered":"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
Abraham H. Maslow, based on his clinical observations, revealed in his studies what the basic needs that guide human behavior are (Maslow, 1970). His hierarchy of needs theory is perhaps the most widely recognized motivation theory in the world in relation to motivation and needs (Porter et al., 2003: 6).<\/strong><\/div>\n

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Maslow (1970)\u2019a g\u00f6re insanlar, do\u011fu\u015ftan gelen ve belirli davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na y\u00f6n veren bir tak\u0131m gereksinimlere sahiptir. Bu gereksinimler tatmine ula\u015f\u0131ncaya kadar insan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemekte ve hiyerar\u015fik bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7inde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dan yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru s\u0131ralanmaktad\u0131r. Maslow\u2019a g\u00f6re insanlar, alt-d\u00fczey gereksinimini (yeterince) tatmin ettik\u00e7e en alttakinden en \u00fcste do\u011fru ilerlemekte ve ayr\u0131ca tatmin edilen gereksinim davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 art\u0131k etkileyememektedir.<\/strong><\/div>\n

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Maslow (1970) examined human needs in five basic categories in a sequential order: physiological, safety, love-belongingness, esteem and self-actualization needs:<\/strong><\/div>\n
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  1. Fizyolojik Gereksinimler:<\/span> Fizyolojik gereksinimler motivasyon kuram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde genelde fizyolojik d\u00fcrt\u00fcler olarak ele al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r (Maslow, 1970: 35). Bunlar i\u00e7erisinde a\u00e7l\u0131k, susuzluk, cinsellik vb. gibi belli ba\u015fl\u0131 gereksinimler s\u0131ralanabilmektedir. E\u011fer bu gereksinimler tatmin edilmez ise \u00f6rgenlik, bu fizyolojik gereksinimler taraf\u0131ndan domine edilmekte ya da t\u00fcm di\u011fer gereksinimler \u00f6nemini yitirerek, bireyi tekrar bu d\u00fcrt\u00fcleri tatmin etmeye y\u00f6neltmektedir (Maslow, 1970: 37). Buna g\u00f6re bir insan uzun bir s\u00fcre a\u00e7 veya susuz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da susuzlu\u011funu gidermekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey isteyemez duruma gelebilmekte ve bu ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u0131nda ise birey i\u00e7in bunun motive edici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi kalmamaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. G\u00fcvenlik Gereksinimleri:<\/span> Maslow (1970), fizyolojik gereksinimlerin g\u00f6receli olarak iyi \u015fekilde tatmin edilmesinin ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcvenlik gereksinimi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir gereksinim dizisinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Bunlar: Kendini koruma; istikrar; g\u00fcven duyma; korkudan, kayg\u0131dan ve karma\u015fadan ka\u00e7\u0131nma; planlama, d\u00fczen, kural, limit gereksinimi ve koruyuculu\u011fun devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir \u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r olarak kategorize edilebilir. Yine bu gereksinim de fizyolojik gereksinimler gibi yoklu\u011funda bireye t\u00fcm\u00fcyle h\u00fckmetmekte, davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirip, bireyin t\u00fcm kapasitesini kullanarak, bireyi t\u00fcm\u00fcyle bir g\u00fcvenlik-arayan mekanizma haline getirmektedir. Maslow toplum yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki d\u00fczenlemeler ve bireyin sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fcvenceler nedeniyle bu gereksinimin aktif bir motivator g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini belirtmi\u015f ve ancak, sava\u015f, hastal\u0131k, do\u011fal afetler, su\u00e7 dalgalar\u0131, sosyal d\u00fczensizlikler, nevroz, beyin hasar\u0131, otoritenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131, kronik \u015fekilde geli\u015fen k\u00f6t\u00fc ko\u015fullar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda aktif ve dominant hale gelece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. Ait Olma ve Sevgi Gereksinimi:<\/span> Fizyolojik ve g\u00fcvenlik gereksinmelerinin her ikisinin de olduk\u00e7a tatmin edilmesi durumunda, sevme, sevilme, ait olma gereksinimlerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r. Bu durumdaki birey, bir arkada\u015f, bir sevgili, bir e\u015f veya \u00e7ocu\u011fa ili\u015fkin yoklu\u011fu daha \u00f6nce olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar yo\u011fun \u015fekilde hissedecek, yani ailesi ya da bir grup i\u00e7inde insanlarla duygusal ili\u015fkinin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyumsayacak ve bu gereksinimini kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterecektir (Maslow, 1970: 43).<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. Sayg\u0131nl\u0131k Gereksinimi:<\/span> Toplumdaki t\u00fcm insanlar, kal\u0131c\u0131 ve sa\u011flam temele dayanan genellikle y\u00fcksek kendilerinin de\u011fer bi\u00e7mesi, \u00f6z-sayg\u0131 ya da \u00f6z-de\u011fer ve di\u011ferlerinin takdiri i\u00e7in bir gereksinim veya arzuya sahiptirler. Bu gereksinimler iki temel dizi \u015feklinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir. Bunlardan ilki, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde g\u00fc\u00e7, ba\u015far\u0131, yeterlilik, ustal\u0131k ve beceri g\u00f6sterme g\u00fcven sa\u011flama arzusu ve ayr\u0131ca ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck arzusu duymak olarak ifade edilirken. \u0130kincisi ise, \u00fcn-prestij (bu, di\u011fer insanlardan gelen g\u00fcven ve sayg\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir), stat\u00fc, \u015fan ve \u015feref, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, tan\u0131nma, \u00f6zen, \u00f6nem, sayg\u0131nl\u0131k ya da takdir i\u00e7in duyulan arzu \u015feklinde belirtilebilimektedir. Bireyin \u00f6z-sayg\u0131 gereksiniminin tatmini, \u00f6z-g\u00fcven, de\u011fer, g\u00fc\u00e7, yetenek ve yeterlilik, d\u00fcnya i\u00e7in yararl\u0131 ve gerekli olma duygusuna yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (Maslow, 1970: 45).<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. Kendini Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme Gereksinimi:\u00a0<\/span> Maslow (1970), t\u00fcm bu say\u0131lan gereksinimlerin tatmin edilmesi durumunda bile, ki\u015filer bireysel olarak uygun oldu\u011fu \u015feyi yapm\u0131yorsa, kendilerini yeni bir ho\u015fnutsuzluk ve rahats\u0131zl\u0131k duygusu i\u00e7inde bulunabileceklerini belirtmi\u015ftir. Maslow’a g\u00f6re, bir m\u00fczisyen m\u00fczik yapmal\u0131, bir ressam resim yapmal\u0131 ve bir \u015fair ise \u015fiir yazmal\u0131d\u0131r, e\u011fer sonu\u00e7ta kendisiyle bar\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmak istiyorsa. Bir ki\u015fi ne olabiliyor ise onu yapmal\u0131 ve kendi do\u011fas\u0131na sad\u0131k kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gereksinim kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ebetteki bu gereksinimin boyutlar\u0131 ki\u015fiden ki\u015fiye olduk\u00e7a fazla de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6sterecektir. Bir ki\u015fide ideal bir anne olma arzusu olarak \u015fekil al\u0131rken, di\u011ferinde ise atletizmle ilgili olarak ifade edilebilir ve bir di\u011ferinde ise resim yapmada ya da yenilik getirmede ifade edilebilmektedir (Maslow, 1970; 46).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

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    Maslow (1970), bu be\u015f temel g\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda iki gereksinim t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerinde de durmu\u015f ancak bunu kuram\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak ele almam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan ilki; bilme, anlama, \u00f6\u011frenme ve a\u00e7\u0131klamaya y\u00f6nelik olu\u015fan “bili\u015fsel” gereksinimdir. \u0130kincisi ise, g\u00fczellik temelinde geli\u015fen “estetik” gereksinimidir.<\/strong><\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Maslow (2001) stated that the last need for self-actualization is never satisfied compared to the other four needs. In addition, while defining these needs, Maslow made a distinction and stated that individuals who are in the situation of meeting the first four needs are in "deficiency motivation" and people who want to satisfy the last need are in "development motivation" because they will be constantly motivated by the desire for development. Based on Maslow's clinical observations, he stated that while a healthy individual meets the first four needs, they are primarily motivated for self-actualization (Maslow, 2001: 31).<\/strong><\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Bununla ilgili a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda Maslow, kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015filerin m\u00fckemmelli\u011fe ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in kendilerini devaml\u0131 \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirdiklerini ve temel gereksinimlerin eksikli\u011fini zaten gidermi\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bununla birlikte, s\u0131radan-ola\u011fan insanlar\u0131n eksik olduklar\u0131 temel gereksinimin tatmini i\u00e7in bir \u00e7abalama i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren insanlar da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r, u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar ve al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k tutkulara sahiptirler. Onlar i\u00e7in motivasyon sadece ki\u015fili\u011fin geli\u015fmesi, olgunla\u015fmas\u0131, kendini ifade etmesi, k\u0131sacas\u0131 kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesidir (Maslow, 1970: 159). Kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren bireyler temel olarak \u015fu \u00f6zellikleri sergilemektedir:<\/strong><\/div>\n
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    • They perceive the reality in a better and simpler way and establish more comfortable relations with the reality.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They accept themselves, others and nature as they are.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They show spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness in their behavior.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They focus on the problems themselves.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They are isolated from the environment, they need solitude.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They desire autonomy, they desire and act for independence from culture and society.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They constantly relive life, have a sense of gratitude towards life.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They experience mystical and climax experiences that push them to the top.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They feel identification, affinity and interest in humanity.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They value deep and real interpersonal relationships.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They have a democratic personality structure.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They can distinguish ends from means and are also skilled at defining the moral distinction between good and bad.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They remove the joke and have a positive attitude towards it.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They have creativity.<\/strong><\/li>\n
    • They resist cultural framing.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

       <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      Features of Basic Requirements<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
      Maslow (1970) put forward basic propositions in order to better understand some parts of his theory:<\/strong><\/div>\n

       <\/p>\n

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      • \u00d6nermelerden ilki, gereksinimlerin bir s\u0131ra d\u00fczen g\u00f6stermesiyle birlikte, her bir basama\u011f\u0131n a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, gereksinimlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle (%) tatmin edilmesinin gerekmedi\u011fi \u015feklindedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, belli bir durumda ortalama bir bireyin belki de fizyolojik gereksinimlerin %85\u2019i, g\u00fcvenlik gereksiniminin %70\u2019i, sevgi gereksiniminin %50\u2019si, \u00f6z-sayg\u0131 gereksiniminin %40\u2019\u0131 ve kendini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme gereksiniminin %10\u2019u tatmin edilmi\u015f olabilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bir gereksinimin tatmin edilmesiyle yeni bir gereksinimin hemen ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmamakta, bu yava\u015f i\u015fleyen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin sevgi gereksinimi %10 d\u00fczeyinde tatmin edildi\u011finde, sayg\u0131nl\u0131k gereksinimi hen\u00fcz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmazken, tatmin oran\u0131 %25\u2019i buldu\u011funda ise, sayg\u0131nl\u0131k gereksinimi %5 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmekte, daha sonra sevgi gereksinimi %75 ile tatmin edildi\u011finde ise sayg\u0131nl\u0131k gereksinimi %50 d\u00fczeyinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmektedir.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • Temel gereksinimler mutlak \u015fekilde ne bilin\u00e7 seviyesindedir ne de bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, ortalama bir insanda bu gereksinimler bilin\u00e7li olmaktan daha \u00e7ok bilin\u00e7d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u00f6zellik g\u00f6sterecektir. Birey taraf\u0131ndan bilin\u00e7alt\u0131nda yatan temel gereksinimler davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 asl\u0131nda bireyin hi\u00e7 fark\u0131nda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda y\u00f6netmektedir. Kimileri bir evi g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131rken, asl\u0131nda sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir unsur olarak de\u011ferlendirmekte ya da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir sembol\u00fc olarak da kullanabilmektedir.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • He stated that the needs and rank order in Maslow's theory have a universal basis, although their validity in all cultures has not been empirically investigated. Basic needs have more common human characteristics than superficial behavior or desires across cultures. For example, the need for prestige may be satisfied in a country in North America by being a manager in a high position with a high salary, while in a community living in the South American Amazons, it may be expressed by bringing more prey to its tribe as a better hunter. Although behavioral expression differences occur, needs continue to exist in every culture.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • Any behavior within the motivational determinants tends to be determined by some or all of the basic needs simultaneously rather than just one. For example, a person's sexual orientation may be not only for their sexual needs, but also to prove their masculinity to themselves, to conquer the opposite sex, to feel their power, or to gain more of their basic love.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • Maslow\u2019a g\u00f6re davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc sadece temel gereksinimlerden kaynaklanmayabilmekte, hatta t\u00fcm davran\u0131\u015flar motive olunmadan da olu\u015fabilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, davran\u0131\u015f sadece d\u0131\u015fsal \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan belirlenebilece\u011fi gibi, \u00f6zel ve d\u0131\u015fsal, tek bir uyar\u0131c\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenebilmekte ya da belirli ko\u015fulsal reflekslerle de olu\u015fabilmektedir.<\/strong><\/li>\n
      • Her birey i\u00e7in gereksinimler aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131ra d\u00fczen her zaman ayn\u0131 \u00f6nemde etki g\u00f6stermemektedir. Yani kimi zaman sevgi gereksinimi fizyolojik gereksinimlerin de \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7erken, kimi zamanda sayg\u0131 gereksiniminin giderilmesi ki\u015finin fizyolojik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmektedir.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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        • <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          Tayfun Topalo\u011flu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

          All Posts by the Author<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

          References<\/a><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Introduction to Motivation Theory<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n