{"id":100,"date":"2008-07-11T02:33:48","date_gmt":"2008-07-11T02:33:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/tameraktas.com\/wptest\/wordpress\/2008\/07\/11\/3-weinerin-nedensellik-bathary-kuramy\/"},"modified":"2023-04-01T20:44:03","modified_gmt":"2023-04-01T20:44:03","slug":"3-weinerin-nedensellik-basari-kurami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/e-motivasyon.net\/en\/3-weinerin-nedensellik-basari-kurami.html","title":{"rendered":"Weiner’in Nedensellik Ba\u015far\u0131 Kuram\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

Weiner’in Nedensellik Ba\u015far\u0131 Kuram\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n
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Nedensellik y\u00fckleme (atfetme) kuram\u0131na y\u00f6n veren ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, nedensellik alg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131 ya da belirli bir olay\u0131n nas\u0131l olu\u015ftu\u011funa dair olu\u015fan yarg\u0131y\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131rlar (Weiner, 1972; 203).<\/strong><\/div>\n
Weiner ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar (Frieze, Kukla, Reed, Rest ve Rosenbaum, 1971) ise, bireylerin ba\u015far\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k nedenine y\u00f6nelik alg\u0131lamalar\u0131yla belirlenen ba\u015far\u0131-ili\u015fkili davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 analiz etmeye \u00e7abalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle de, olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 modelle, \u00f6\u011frencilerin \u00f6\u011frenme \u00fczerindeki performans\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015flerdir (Bar-tal, 1978; 259).Weiner, Russell ve Lerman (1978) nedensel a\u00e7\u0131klaman\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 boyutuna dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Bu boyutlar \u201cnedensellik oda\u011f\u0131\u201d (kontrol oda\u011f\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 yap\u0131y\u0131 te\u015fkil etmez), \u201cvarsay\u0131lan nedenlerin duruklu\u011fu (de\u011fi\u015fmezli\u011fi)\u201d ve \u201cdurum i\u00e7indeki fakt\u00f6rlerin rastlant\u0131sall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, ki\u015filerin davran\u0131\u015f \u0131srar\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli bir etkiye sahip olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bireyler, ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan olaylar\u0131n nedenlerini i\u00e7sel, duruk ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlere ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ise ya da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015fsal, de\u011fi\u015fken ya da rastlant\u0131sal fakt\u00f6rlere atfetmi\u015fse eylemi \u00fczerinde \u0131srarc\u0131 olacakt\u0131r (Gatewood vd., 1995; 372). Ba\u015far\u0131 umudu ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k korkusunun getirdi\u011fi duygusal davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n temeli, ba\u015far\u0131 davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n esas belirleyicileri olan bili\u015fsel nedensellik y\u00fcklemelerin kontrol\u00fcne dayanmaktad\u0131r (Convington, 1984; 7).<\/strong><\/div>\n
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Weiner (1985) Heider\u2019in teorisini geni\u015fleterek \u201cnedenleri\u201d, i\u00e7selden d\u0131\u015fsala, duruktan duruk olmayana ve kontrol edilebilirden kontrol edilemeyene do\u011fru s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda bu nedensellik y\u00fckleme s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6rneklerle \u00f6zetlenmektedir (Beck, 2004; 332\u2013333):<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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  • \u0130\u00e7selden d\u0131\u015fsala atfetme.<\/span> De Charms (1968) i\u00e7sel-d\u0131\u015fsal ayr\u0131m\u0131, kendisinin ifade etti\u011fi esas (origins) ve piyon (pawns) terimleriyle ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Kimi insanlar faaliyetlerini kendilerinin ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hissetmekte ve kendi ceza ve \u00f6d\u00fcllerinden kendileri sorumlu olmaktad\u0131rlar (i\u00e7sel nedensellik y\u00fckleme). Di\u011fer baz\u0131 insanlar ise kendilerini satran\u00e7taki piyonlar gibi hissederek, az bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sahiplerken, sahip olduklar\u0131 bu s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u0131\u015f kaynaklar\u0131n hizmetinde yer ald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedirler (d\u0131\u015fsal nedensellik y\u00fckleme). Bir ki\u015fi ba\u015far\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u00e7sel nedensellik y\u00fckleyebilir, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u201cBen pek \u00e7ok yetene\u011fe sahibim ve s\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r\u0131m\u201d. Di\u011fer taraftan, bir ba\u015fka insan, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015fsal nedensellik y\u00fckleyebilir, \u00f6rne\u011fin, \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fans\u0131m vard\u0131\u201d ya da di\u011fer baz\u0131 kontrol edilemeyen durumlar.<\/strong><\/li>\n
  • Duruktan duruk olmayana do\u011fru atfetme<\/span>. Bir ki\u015fi ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131, yetene\u011fe (ki bu g\u00f6receli olarak ki\u015fisel \u00f6zelli\u011fe dayan\u0131r) ya da \u00e7abaya (daha \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6sterebilir) atfedebilir. \u0130\u015fin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc duruk (de\u011fi\u015fmez) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r, fakat \u015fans duruk de\u011fildir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201ctestte zorland\u0131m \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7ok zor bir konudan geldi\u201d (i\u015fin zorlu\u011fu) ya da \u201csadece do\u011fru konuyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131m (\u015fans).<\/strong><\/li>\n
  • Kontrol edilebilenden kontrol edilemeyene do\u011fru atfetme<\/span>. \u00c7aba eksikli\u011fi ve hasta olma, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in i\u00e7sel ve de\u011fi\u015fmeyen nedenlerdir, fakat ikisi aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir fark vard\u0131r. \u00c7aba eksikli\u011fi kontrol edilebilir olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrken (\u201cdaha s\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirdim\u201d), hastal\u0131k ise kontrol edilemez konumdad\u0131r (\u201cso\u011fuk alg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 s\u0131nav g\u00fcn\u00fc atlatamad\u0131m\u201d).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n
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    Bu nedensel unsurlar iki boyut \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u0130lk boyutta nedensel unsurlar, d\u0131\u015fsall\u0131k\/i\u00e7sellik a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yetenek ve \u00e7aba, insan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alan ve kendisinden kaynaklanan bir unsur olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u00e7sel olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrken i\u015fin zorlu\u011fu ve \u015fans ise, insan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen ve bu y\u00fczden de d\u0131\u015fsal neden olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u0130kinci bir boyutta nedensel unsurlar, zamandaki sabitli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Yetenek ve i\u015fin zorlu\u011fu, zaman i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6stermemesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden (e\u011fer ayn\u0131 i\u015fe kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) ise duruk (de\u011fi\u015fmez) olarak de\u011ferlendirilmekteyken \u00e7aba ve \u015fans, zamanla de\u011fi\u015fmesi nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck derecede duruk olmayarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (Bar-tal, 1978; 260).<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Buraya kadar anlat\u0131lanlar ba\u015far\u0131 sonucuyla ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011finde, ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek yetenek ve\/veya \u00e7abaya ba\u011flanabilmesi, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ise yetenek azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya \u00e7aba eksikli\u011fi nedenine ba\u011flanabilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir (Weiner, 1972; 204). Bu durumda ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7sel nedenlere, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 da d\u0131\u015fsal nedenlere ba\u011flayarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak, gelecekteki ba\u015far\u0131 beklentilerinin artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Wilmar Schaufeli (1988), i\u015f bulamamalar\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f nedenlerle a\u00e7\u0131klayan i\u015fsiz insanlar\u0131n i\u015f bulmada ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fanslar\u0131n\u0131n daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Martin Seligman (1991) yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sonucunda, \u2018yenilgi k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fansa ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve bu, \u00e7aba ve yeteneklerle giderilebilir\u2019 gibi olumlu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme bi\u00e7iminin daha fazla ba\u015far\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve iyi bir ruh halini beraberinde getirdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir (Ka\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, 1999; 244).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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    • Heider\u2019in Nedensellik Y\u00fckleme Kuram\u0131<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n
    • Nedensellik Y\u00fckleme S\u00fcreci<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n
    • Weiner\u2019in Nedensellik Ba\u015far\u0131 Kuram\u0131<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n
    • Ba\u015far\u0131 G\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fc ve Nedensellik Y\u00fckleme \u0130li\u015fkisi<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Tayfun Topalo\u011flu<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

      All Posts by the Author<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

      References <\/a><\/p>\n

       <\/p>\n

      Introduction to Motivation Theory<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n